Grass Vegetation Dynamics in Wetlands with Different Utilization

The land-use patterns, combined with the biotic interactions, are likely to substantially affect the grass community of tropical wetlands. However, we need more information to understand the vegetation cover and, particularly, the diversity of grasses in the protected sites, where the naturally occurring interactions with extreme complexity. Hence a thorough understanding of these interactive effects on grass dynamics would help develop wildlife management guidelines to predict the grass-woody herbs and other associated vegetation. In light of this, a beta vegetation survey and diversity analysis in two varying wetland ecosystems of natural mountain streams and temporary ponds. Grass communities occurred along the Pambar and Thalayar natural freshwater streams of south Western Ghats, Theni District, Tamil Nadu, and desiccate benthic surfaces and the raised bunds of three adjoining ephemeral Bird Sanctuary Ponds, situated in Sivagangi District, Tamil Nadu, India. Here, the result obtained from the vegetation survey, Sorenson\u27s similarity analysis, Margleaf\u27s richness index and biodiversity indices. Many grass communities make the riparian habitat with a higher ratio of grass to woody and a lesser proportion of grass to herbaceous vegetation. Fewer grass species were encountered in the temporary pond habitats, spreading to a small area and experiencing anthropogenic pressures besides the migrating birds\u27 interactive feature. Higher and lower Sorenson\u27s similarity coefficient values were found in riparian and temporary pond habitats, respectively. Long-term studies of co-existing grasses and associated woody vegetation help inform similar tropical wetlands concerning the existing environmental and biological interactions for maintaining ecological health associated with native biodiversity

Beta Macrophyta Diversity Analysis in the Temporary Pond Habitats of Vettangudi Birds Sanctuary

Three temporary ponds of Vettangudi birds sanctuary situate in very close proximity, located in Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu state of India. However similar eco-climatic conditions prevailing at these pond habitat, those ponds experience the varying nature of biotic interactions. Since the habitat conditions and their land-use pattern have the major role on the vegetation diversity. Temporary ponds of Vettangudi Birds Sanctuary has the characteristic alternate drying and inundation at varying levels and this environmental condition in addition to the biotic influence over the habitat ecology and its vegetation diversity. Understanding this specific relationship is pivotal in the development of management guidelines in the pond habitat and wildlife management. The aim was to investigate the floristic composition and diversity analysis of the floor vegetation of benthic and shore-line of temporary ponds of Vetttangudi Birds Sanctuary in four different seasons in a year. A wide range of Sorenson’s similarity index was found existed among the experimental ponds. Margleaf’s richness index values were also observed with variations and the occurrence of floristic composition and their diversity variations were attempted to relate with the prevalent habitat conditions, experienced with varying kind of biotic influence

Morphological Variability Potential of \u3cem\u3eCenchrus ciliaris\u3c/em\u3e L. Ecotypes on Their Phytochemical Substances and Antibacterial Activities

Ecotypes are population of same species with different races, which is adapted to local environment Different ecotypes of a particular species may differ in their edaphic, biotic or microclimatic requirements (Linhart and Grant, 1996; Eppela et al., 2013) and such adaptation either become irreversible or genetically fixed variations. Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Tam: kollukottaipul, Eng. buffel grass, Sans: anjan grass) is a grass belonging to the family Poaceae and ephemeral in nature. In this species, habitat plays a significant role in the formation of ecotypes and several ecotypes are found in Cenchrus ciliaris L. including with varying inflorescence and florets colours and however all the ecotypes exhibiting similar growth characters. Arshad et al., (2007) studied on tiller growth and phonological studies of C. ciliaris. Phytochemical studies on the ecotypes is of paramount important and the potential of the plant ecotypes, especially their different components are required to be studied on their antimicrobial activities (Kannan and Bagam Priyal, 2015). The present study was attempted to investigate the important phyto-chemical substances for their presence or absence in three select morphological variants with differing inflorescence and floret colours and the work was included to study the antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts prepared from different components in Cenchrus ciliaris L. on the select microbial cultures, under laboratory conditions

Grass Species Population Studies in Freshwater Pools of Sivaganga District, South India with Different Land-Use

Vernal pools are seasonal wetlands which fill with water in the rainy season and dry down in the spring and remain desiccated throughout the summer. These extreme conditions create a unique ecosystem that supports high species diversity (King et al. 1996). Ephemeral water pools have recently received more attention where studies have monitored the vegetation dynamics as the system shifts from an aquatic and terrestrial environment (Gopal and Junk 2000; Pott et al. 2010). Landscape changes are considered important on the biodiversity aggregation of meadows (Monterio et al. 2013). The present study was carried out to analyze grass vegetation diversity of the desiccate ephemeral fresh water pools with different land-use patterns

PID Tuning of Servo Motor Using Bat Algorithm

AbstractThe Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller uses three parameters to produce the desired output of a system. The desired system performances are in terms of overshoot, rise time, settling time and steady state error. This has brought about various methods to tune the controller to the desired response. Therefore, the presence of the bat algorithm as part of the system will reduce the time and cost of tuning these parameters and improve the overall system performance

Effect of organic fortified zinc on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata (L). Wilczek) in typic chromustert

Zinc is a crucial micronutrient for crop growth and enzymatic regulations. The present study was formulated to reveal the effect of organic fortified Zn composite on growth and yield parameters of green gram in Typic chromustert at Vellakulam village, Kalligudi block, Madurai district of Tamil Nadu. A total of eight treatments with three replications were designed to grow in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatments consisted of recommend dose fertilizers (25:50:25 Kg ha-1 N: P2O5: K2O) + various sources organics applied such as vermicompost (1:5), poultry manure (1:5), biochar (1:5), FYM (1:10) incubated with ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University micronutrient mixture enriched with FYM (1:10) for 30 days. Among the treatments, application of RDF (25:50:25 Kg ha-1 N: P2O5: K2O) + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 incubated with 125 kg Vermicompost (1:5) recorded maximum plant height (64 cm), leaf area index (LAI) (3.11), dry matter production (16.33 g plant-1), pods plant-1 (28.46), grains pod-1 (13.5), test weight (3.48 g), seed yield (950 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (1520 kg ha-1) followed by biochar and TNAU MNM shown on par results with each other. The lowest yield parameters were spotted in absolute control. A considerable increase in yield (25 %) was detected when the crop was supplemented with organically fortified Zinc than the commercial ZnSO4. The study concluded that the application of biofortified Zn will deliver higher growth and yield in green gram

Algal Fuel Cell

Algal Fuel Cells (AFC) are bioelectric devices that use photosynthetic organisms to turn light and biochemical energy into electrical energy. The potential of a fully biotic AFC still remains an unexplored area of research and hence it has led to rethink the prospective use of plant-based bioelectricity. AFC consists of an anode and a cathode connected by an external electric circuit and separated internally by a membrane/no membrane in which the growth of algae is assessed. The key parameters for evaluating the performance of AFC are electrodes, separators, oxygen supplement, nutrients and its configurations. By controlling these parameters, the electric power production can be optimized. This chapter discusses the recent trends examined by a number of researchers and are interpreted to gain a better understanding. It is stressed that a greater focus must be given for a complete comprehension of the algal processes required for the development of AFC applications. Thus, it can be concluded that a further development of AFC technology with reduced costs and improved performance is required for sustainable development

DeepQ Residue Representation of Moving Object Images using YOLO in Video Surveillance Environment

The IAEA photo evaluation software does have functions for scene-alternate recognition, black photo detection, and deficient scene analysis, even though its capabilities are not at their highest. The current workflows for detecting safeguards-relevant activities heavily rely on inspectors' laborious visual examination of surveillance videos, which is a time-consuming and error-prone process. The paper proposes using item-based totally movement detection and deep gadget learning to identify fun items in video streams in order to improve method accuracy and reduce inspector workload. An attitude transformation model is used to estimate historical movements, and a deep learning classifier trained on manually categorized datasets is used to identify shifting applicants within the history subtracted image. Through optical glide matching, we identify spatio-temporal tendencies for each and every shifting item applicant and then prune them solely based on their movement patterns in comparison to the past. In order to improve the temporal consistency of the various candidate detections, a Kalman clear out is performed on pruned shifting items. A UAV-derived video dataset was used to demonstrate the rules. The results demonstrate that our set of rules can effectively target small UAVs with limited computing power

First occurrence of yellow boxfish, Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Tetraodontiformes: Ostraciidae) from Gulf of Mannar

On 8th July, 2013 a single specimen of Ostracion cubicus (Fig.1) measuring total length 176 mm with a weight of 200 g was collected from a commercial trawler, operated at a depth 20 m, 25 km north-west off Tuticorin, southeast coast of India. Methods for measurements and counts followed Matsuura and Yamakawa (1982)